DDL Triggers in sql server

we will discuss DDL Triggers in sql server.

In SQL Server there are 4 types of triggers
1. DML Triggers - Data Manipulation Language. 
2. DDL Triggers - Data Definition Language
3. CLR triggers - Common Language Runtime
4. Logon triggers

What are DDL triggers
DDL triggers fire in response to DDL events - CREATE, ALTER, and DROP (Table, Function, Index, Stored Procedure etc...). For the list of all DDL events please visit https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/bb522542.aspx

Certain system stored procedures that perform DDL-like operations can also fire DDL triggers. Example - sp_rename system stored procedure

What is the use of DDL triggers

• If you want to execute some code in response to a specific DDL event
• To prevent certain changes to your database schema
• Audit the changes that the users are making to the database structure

Syntax for creating DDL trigger

CREATE TRIGGER [Trigger_Name]

ON [Scope (Server|Database)]

FOR [EventType1, EventType2, EventType3, ...],

AS

BEGIN

   -- Trigger Body

END

DDL triggers scope : DDL triggers can be created in a specific database or at the server level. 

The following trigger will fire in response to CREATE_TABLE DDL event. 

CREATE TRIGGER trMyFirstTrigger

ON Database

FOR CREATE_TABLE

AS

BEGIN

   Print 'New table created'

END

To check if the trigger has been created

1. In the Object Explorer window, expand the SampleDB database by clicking on the plus symbol.
2. Expand Programmability folder
3. Expand Database Triggers folder

Please note : If you can't find the trigger that you just created, make sure to refresh the Database Triggers folder.

When you execute the following code to create the table, the trigger will automatically fire and will print the message - New table created
Create Table Test (Id int)

The above trigger will be fired only for one DDL event CREATE_TABLE. If you want this trigger to be fired for multiple events, for example when you alter or drop a table, then separate the events using a comma as shown below.

ALTER TRIGGER trMyFirstTrigger

ON Database

FOR CREATE_TABLE, ALTER_TABLE, DROP_TABLE

AS

BEGIN

   Print 'A table has just been created, modified or deleted'

END

Now if you create, alter or drop a table, the trigger will fire automatically and you will get the message - A table has just been created, modified or deleted. 

The 2 DDL triggers above execute some code in response to DDL events

Now let us look at an example of how to prevent users from creating, altering or dropping tables. To do this modify the trigger as shown below.

ALTER TRIGGER trMyFirstTrigger

ON Database

FOR CREATE_TABLE, ALTER_TABLE, DROP_TABLE

AS

BEGIN

   Rollback 

   Print 'You cannot create, alter or drop a table'

END

To be able to create, alter or drop a table, you either have to disable or delete the trigger.

To disable trigger
1. Right click on the trigger in object explorer and select "Disable" from the context menu 
2. You can also disable the trigger using the following T-SQL command

DISABLE TRIGGER trMyFirstTrigger ON DATABASE

To enable trigger
1. Right click on the trigger in object explorer and select "Enable" from the context menu 
2. You can also enable the trigger using the following T-SQL command
ENABLE TRIGGER trMyFirstTrigger ON DATABASE

To drop trigger
1. Right click on the trigger in object explorer and select "Delete" from the context menu 
2. You can also drop the trigger using the following T-SQL command
DROP TRIGGER trMyFirstTrigger ON DATABASE

Certain system stored procedures that perform DDL-like operations can also fire DDL triggers. The following trigger will be fired when ever you rename a database object using sp_rename system stored procedure.

CREATE TRIGGER trRenameTable

ON DATABASE

FOR RENAME

AS

BEGIN

    Print 'You just renamed something'

END

The following code changes the name of the TestTable to NewTestTable. When this code is executed, it will fire the trigger trRenameTable

sp_rename 'TestTable', 'NewTestTable'

The following code changes the name of the Id column in NewTestTable to NewId. When this code is executed, it will fire the trigger trRenameTable

sp_rename 'NewTestTable.Id' , 'NewId', 'column'